2 Izinto zokuhamba ngaphansi komhlaba
1) Ukuhlelwa kwezinto zokuhamba ezingaphansi komhlaba
Ukuthutha okungaphansi komhlaba kuyisixhumanisi esibalulekile sokumbiwa kanye nokukhiqizwa kwensimbi engaphansi komhlaba kanye ne-non-metallic ore, futhi ububanzi bayo bomsebenzi buhlanganisa ukuthutha okumisayo kanye nokuthuthwa komgwaqo. Yisiteshi sokuthutha se-stope esiqhubekayo, ubuso be-tunnel kanye nendawo yokugcina imayini engaphansi komhlaba, indawo yokugcwalisa izimayini noma indawo yokugcina imayini yaphansi kanye nenkundla yamatshe angcolile. Izinto zokuthutha ze-Stope zihlanganisa i-gravity self transport, ezokuthutha ngogesi, ezokuthutha ngefosholo, umshini wokulayisha noma izimoto zezimayini), ezokuthutha zomshini wokumba izimayini ezinyakazayo kanye nezokuthutha zamandla aqhumayo, njll. Ukuthuthwa komgwaqo kuhlanganisa ukuthuthwa komzila webanga lesiteji kanye nokuthambekela. umzila, okuwukuthi, izinto zokuhamba zomgwaqo phakathi kwefaneli yesitobhi, ivulandi lokumisa noma umgwaqo ongaphansi kwendawo eshelelayo eya emgqonyeni wokugcina ongaphansi komhlaba (noma indawo yokungena ye-adit).
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto zokuhamba ezingaphansi komhlaba ngokwendlela yokuthutha kanye nempahla yokuthutha kukhonjiswe kuThebula 3-4.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto zokuhamba ezingaphansi komhlaba
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuvamile nokusebenza ngempumelelo kwezinto zokuhamba ezingaphansi komhlaba, izinto ezidingekayo zosizo zokuthutha zibalulekile.
2)Uhlelo lokuhamba ngaphansi komhlaba
Uhlelo lwezokuthutha kanye nendlela yokuthutha yemayini engaphansi komhlaba ngokuvamile kunqunywa ekuthuthukisweni nasekuklanyweni kwamadiphozi ensimbi. Izimiso ezinqunyiwe kufanele zicabangele izimo zokwenzeka kwediphozithi, uhlelo lokuthuthukisa, indlela yezimayini, isikali sezimayini, impilo yesevisi yokukhiqiza, isimo sokuthuthukiswa kwezinto zokuthutha kanye nezinga lokuphatha lebhizinisi. Kufanele ithuthuke futhi ithembeke kwezobuchwepheshe, ibe nengqondo futhi ibe nenzuzo kwezomnotho, iphephile ekusebenzeni, ilungele ukuphathwa, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla amancane kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okuncane.
(1) Umzila wesitimela
Ukuthutha ngojantshi ngokuvamile kubhekisela ekuthuthweni kwezitimela, okuyindlela eyinhloko yokuthutha ezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba ekhaya naphesheya. Ezokuthutha ngojantshi ikakhulukazi zakhiwa izimoto zezimayini, izinto zokudonsa kanye nemishini esiza nezinye izinto zokusebenza, ezivame ukwakhiwa ngohlelo olusebenzayo lokuthutha olune-rake ore, ukulayisha,ibhande elihambisa ibhandenoma izinto zokuhamba ezingenamkhondo, ohlelweni lokukhiqiza zingathutha insimbi, imfucuza yamatshe, izinto zokwakha, izinto zokusebenza kanye nabasebenzi. Kungenye yezinto eziyinhloko ezihlela ukukhiqizwa futhi zinqume umthamo wokukhiqiza wemayini.
Izinzuzo zezokuthutha ngololiwe ukusetshenziswa okubanzi, umthamo omkhulu wokukhiqiza (onqunywa inani lezitimela), ibanga lezokuthutha elingenamkhawulo, umnotho omuhle, ukuhlela okuguquguqukayo, futhi kungathutha izinhlobonhlobo zensimbi ngomugqa we-bifurcation. Okubi ukuthi ukuthutha kuphakathi, ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kuncike ezingeni lenhlangano yomsebenzi kunemikhawulo (ngokuvamile 3 ‰ ~ 5 ‰), futhi kunzima ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwezokuthutha lapho umthambeko womugqa mkhulu kakhulu.
Ukugijima kuthrekhi kuyindlela eyinhloko yezokuthutha ezivundlile zebanga elide. I-gauge yethrekhi ihlukaniswe i-standard gauge ne-narrow gauge. I-gauge ejwayelekile ingu-1435mm, kanti igeji encane ihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezi-3: 600mm, 762mm no-900 mm. Ngokwegeji ehlukene, intimela ingahlukaniswa ibe intimela yegeji ejwayelekile kanye nesitimela segeji ewumngcingo; ngokwamandla ahlukene asetshenziswayo, isitimela sezimayini singahlukaniswa sibe yisitimela sikagesi, isitimela sikadizili nesitimela sesitimela. Izitimela ze-steam ziye zaqedwa, futhi izitimela zikadizili ngokuvamile zisetshenziselwa phezulu kuphela. I-locomotive kagesi iqhutshwa amandla kagesi, ngokusho kwemvelo yamandla kagesi, isitimela sikagesi singahlukaniswa sibe yi-DC electric locomotive kanye ne-AC electric locomotive, i-DC electric locomotive iyona esetshenziswa kakhulu. Manje, kukhona abasebenzisi abaningi baqala ukusebenzisa imoto yokuguqula imvamisa. Ngokwemodi ehlukile yokuphakelwa kwamandla, isitimela sikagesi se-DC sihlukaniswe ngesitimela sohlobo lwezintambo zikagesi kanye nesitimela sikagesi esinebhethri, kanti iningi lezimayini ezingezona zamalahle ezisetshenziswa ngaphansi komhlaba eShayina ziyizitimela zikagesi zohlobo lwezintambo.
Ngesakhiwo esilula, izindleko eziphansi, ukunakekelwa okufanele, umthamo omkhulu wezokuthutha wesitimela, isivinini esikhulu, ukusebenza kahle kukagesi, izindleko zokuthutha eziphansi, yisona esisetshenziswa kakhulu. Ububi ukuthi izinsiza zokulungisa kanye nezintambo azikwazi ukuguquguquka ngokwanele; ubukhulu bomgwaqo kanye nokuphepha kwabahamba ngezinyawo kuthinta inhlansi phakathi kwe-pantograph futhi umugqa awuvunyelwe ekwakhiweni kokuqala kwezimayini zegesi ezinzima, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izindleko eziphelele zemoto ziphansi kakhulu kunemoto yebhethri. I-voltage ye-DC ingu-250V kanye ne-550V.
Ibhethri kagesi motor ibhethri ukuhlinzeka ugesi. Ibhethri ivamise ukushajwa egaraji lezimoto elingaphansi komhlaba. Ngemva kokuba ibhethri elisemotweni selisetshenziswe ngezinga elithile, kuyancomeka ukuthi kushintshwe ibhethri elishajiwe. Inzuzo yalolu hlobo lwe-motor kagesi ukuthi ayikho ingozi yokukhishwa kwe-spark, efanelekile ukusetshenziswa kwezimayini zegesi ngaphandle komugqa odingekayo, ukusetshenziswa okuguquguqukayo, okukhiphayo okuncane, uhlelo lokuhamba olungavamile lomgwaqo kanye nokuhamba komgwaqo umgwaqo kufanelekile kakhulu. Ububi bayo ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala kwemishini yokushaja kunokusebenza kahle kukagesi kanye nezindleko eziphezulu zokuhamba. Ngokuvamile, i-wire motor isetshenziswa esigabeni sokumba, futhi isigaba sokuthuthukiswa singasebenzisa imoto yebhethri ukunqoba izimo zangaphandle. Emgwaqweni womoya obuyayo onegesi eqhumayo, akufanele kusetshenziswe, imayini yesibabule ephezulu nengozi yomlilo yemvelo, kufanele kusetshenziswe injini yebhethri engaqhumi.
Ngaphezu kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili ezingenhlaizinjini zikagesi, kukhona amamotho kagesi aphindwe kabili, ngokuyinhloko angahlukaniswa abe intambo —— uhlobo lwebhethri lesitimela sikagesi kanye nohlobo lwesitimela sikagesi sohlobo lwekhebula. Kukhona ishaja ezenzakalelayo ku-locomotive kagesi yebhethri, engathuthukisa izinga lokusebenzisa futhi isebenzise ukuguquguquka. Lapho usebenza emzileni wezokuthutha, ukunikezwa kwamandla kwekhebula, kodwa ibanga lokuhamba le-cable power supply akufanele lidlule ubude bekhebula.
Ama-locomotives omlilo wangaphakathi akudingeki ukuthi alayini, utshalomali oluphansi, oluvumelana nezimo kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, lesi sakhiwo siyinkimbinkimbi futhi igesi yokukhipha ingcolisa umoya, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukufaka idivayisi yokuhlanza igesi ephumayo echwebeni lokukhipha futhi uqinise umoya womgwaqo. Njengamanje, zimbalwa kuphela izimayini eShayina ezisetshenziswa endaweni ehlangene ye-adit enomoya omuhle kanye nezokuthutha ezingaphezulu, futhi izimayini eziningi zisetshenziswa ezimayini zakwamanye amazwe.
Izimoto zezimayini zithutha insimbi (itshe likadoti), izimoto zabantu nezimoto, izimoto zempahla, izimoto eziqhumayo, amaloli amanzi, amaloli ezicishamlilo kanye nezimoto ezihlanzekile nezinye izimoto ezikhethekile.
(2) Izinto zokuhamba ezingenamkhondo
Ngeminyaka yawo-1960, ngokuthuthukiswa kwemishini engaphansi komhlaba engena trackless, ubuchwepheshe bezimayini obungaphansi komhlaba obungena trackless nabo sebuthuthukiswe ngokushesha.
Imoto yezimayini engaphansi komhlaba iyimoto ezishayelayo eyakhelwe ngokukhethekile imayini engaphansi komhlaba. Iyinqola yezokuthutha eyinhloko ukuqaphela ubuchwepheshe bezimayini obungena trackless, futhi inezinzuzo zokuhamba, ukuguquguquka, amandla amaningi kanye nomnotho. Izimoto zezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba zisetshenziswa kabanzi kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba ezinezimo ezifanele zokumbiwa kwezimayini ezithuthukisiwe, ezingakwazi nje ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwabasebenzi kanye nokuphuma kwezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba, zikhuthaze ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwesikali sokukhiqiza, kodwa futhi ziguqule inqubo yezimayini, indlela yezimayini. kanye nohlelo lokuthungatha kanye nokuthutha lwalezo zimayini. Ikakhulukazi ngokuthuthukiswa kwezimayini ezishintshayo, izimayini ezihlakaniphile kanye nobunye ubuchwepheshe nezinhlelo eminyakeni yamuva nje, izimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba ziqhubekela ohlangothini olungaphethwe muntu lwezimayini ezingenamkhondo.
①Izinzuzo ezinkulu zokuhamba ngezimoto zezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba yilokho
a. Ukuhamba okuguquguqukayo, okunobubanzi obubanzi bokusebenza, namandla amakhulu okukhiqiza. Itshe lezimayini lobuso bezimayini lingathuthwa ngokuqondile endaweni ngayinye yokuthulula ngaphandle kokudluliswa kwaphakathi nendawo, futhi abasebenzi, izinto zokwakha kanye nemishini endaweni yokuthulula kungafinyelela ngokuqondile ebusweni bokusebenza ngaphandle kokudluliselwa.
b. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokuhamba ngezimoto zezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba kungasindisa ngokufanelekile izinto zokusebenza, insimbi kanye nabasebenzi.
c. Ngaphambi kokuqedwa kwesethi ephelele yezindawo ze-shaft, kungenzeka ukuthi kuthuthukiswe futhi kube lula ukumbiwa kanye nokuthuthwa kwemizimba ye-ore kanye nemiphetho engavamile.
d. Ngaphansi kwezimo zebanga elifanelekile lokuthutha, izixhumanisi zokuhamba ngezimoto zezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba kanye nezixhumanisi zokukhiqiza zincane, ezingathuthukisa kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kwabasebenzi.
②Ububi bokuhamba ngezimoto ezimayini ngaphansi komhlaba bulandelayo:
a. Nakuba izimoto zezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba zinethuluzi lokuhlanza igesi ephumayo, igesi ekhishwa enjinini ye-diesel ingcolisa umoya ongaphansi komhlaba, ongakakwazi ukuxazululeka ngokuphelele okwamanje. Izinyathelo ezinjengokuqinisa ukungena komoya zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwandisa izindleko zemishini yokufaka umoya.
b. Ngenxa yezinga eliphansi lomgwaqo wezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba, ukusetshenziswa kwamasondo kukhulu, futhi izindleko zezingxenye ezisele ziyakhuphuka.
c. Umsebenzi wokulungisa mkhulu, udinga abasebenzi abanekhono lokulungisa kanye neshabhu yokulungisa izinsiza ezihlomele kahle.
d. Ukuze kube lula ukushayela izimoto ezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba, ubukhulu besigaba somgwaqo odingekayo bukhulu, okwandisa izindleko zokuthuthukiswa.
③ Uma kuqhathaniswa nezimoto ezizithulula ngokwazo phansi, izimoto ezimba ngaphansi komhlaba ngokuvamile ziba nalezi zimpawu ngesakhiwo:
a. Ingakwazi ukuhlanganisa futhi ihlanganise, elula kahle kahle.
b. Ukusebenzisa i-chassis eshiwo, isiteringi se-hydraulic, ububanzi bomzimba wemoto buncane, i-radius yokujika incane.
c. Ukuphakama komzimba wemoto kuphansi, ngokuvamile ku-2 ~ 3m, okulungele ukusebenza endaweni encane futhi ephansi engaphansi komhlaba, enesikhungo esiphansi sokudonsela phansi, okwandisa ikhono lokukhuphuka.
d. Ijubane lokushayela liphansi, futhi amandla ayo enjini mancane, ngaleyo ndlela anciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-exhaust.
(3)Isihambisi sebhandeezokuthutha
Ukuthuthwa kwe-belt conveyor kuyindlela yokuthutha eqhubekayo, ikakhulukazi esetshenziselwa ukuthutha idwala lamaminerali, futhi ingahambisa izinto kanye nabasebenzi. Le ndlela yokuthutha inamandla amakhulu okukhiqiza, iphephile futhi inokwethenjelwa, ukusebenza okulula kanye nezinga eliphezulu lokuzenzekelayo. Ngokusetshenziswa kwe-tape yamandla aphezulu, ukuthuthwa kwe-belt conveyor kunezici zebanga elide, ivolumu enkulu kanye nesivinini esikhulu, esihlangabezana nezidingo zokuthutha okuphumelelayo kwemishini yezimayini yesimanje.
Ukusetshenziswa kokuthutha amabhande ensimbi engaphansi komhlaba kunqunyelwe ubukhulu betshe, umthamo wethrafikhi, ukuthambekela komgwaqo, ijika nokunye. Ngokuvamile, idwala le-ore elichotshoziwe kuphela elingathuthwa (ngaphansi kuka-350mm) elingathuthwa, futhi lilungele ukusetshenziswa ngomthamo omkhulu, ukuthambekela komgwaqo omncane, futhi akukho majika.
Izinto zokuhamba zebhande elingaphansi komhlaba zingahlukaniswa zibe: ① okokuthutha kwebhande lestope ngokuya ngendawo esetshenziswa kuyo nemisebenzi yokuthutha eqediwe, eyamukela ngokuqondile futhi ithuthe amatshe amaminerali asuka ebusweni bokusebenza basezimayini.② Iqoqo lezimayini lokuqoqa ibhande lokuhamba, elithola amatshe amaminerali amabili noma amabhande amaningi okuthutha amabhande.③ Ukuthuthwa kwe-trunk belt conveyor, ithwala wonke amatshe ezimayini angaphansi komhlaba, kuhlanganisa nesihambisi sebhande ebusweni bezokuthutha zokuthutha ibhande.
I-belt conveyor ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo eziyisisekelo nezikhethekile ngokusho kwesakhiwo esiyisisekelo, futhi uhlobo oluyisisekelo luhlukaniswe ngokuma okuyisicaba kanye ne-groove. Njengamanje, i-conveyor yebhande elikhethekile elimele linomshini ojulile we-groove belt conveyor, i-corrugated edge belt conveyor, i-pattern belt conveyor, i-tubular belt conveyor, i-air cushion belt conveyor, i-pressure belt conveyor, i-conveyor yebhande eligoba njalonjalo.
Ukuthuthwa kwe-belt conveyor kuqaphela ukuqhubeka kwenqubo yokuthutha impahla. Uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izisetshenziswa zokuthutha, inezici ezilandelayo:
① umthamo wokudlulisa. Umthamo omkhulu we-conveyor yebhande lasekhaya usufinyelele ku-8400t / h, futhi umthamo omkhulu we-conveyor yebhande langaphandle usufinyelele ku-37500t / h.
②Ibanga elide lokulethwa. Uma nje kukhona ibhande eliqinile elanele, kusukela ekubukeni kwezobuchwepheshe, umthumeli webhande ebangeni lokudlulisela alikhawulelwe. Ubude obubodwa bokuthutha ibhande lasekhaya bufinyelele ku-15.84km.
③Ukuguquguquka kwezwe okuqinile. I-belt conveyor ingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nesimo sezwe ukusuka ejikeni elimaphakathi lesikhala kanye nendiza evundlile, ukuze kuncishiswe izixhumanisi eziphakathi nendawo njengesiteshi sokudlulisa futhi kunciphise ukutshalwa kwezimali kwengqalasizinda, ukuze kugwenywe ukuphazamiseka kwemigwaqo, izitimela, izintaba, imifula. , imifula namadolobha avela emkhathini noma endizeni.
④Isakhiwo esilula, siphephile futhi sithembekile. Ukuthembeka kwe-belt conveyor kuqinisekiswe izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi emkhakheni wezimboni.
⑤Izindleko zokusebenza eziphansi. Ihora lesikhathi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla ngeyunithi ngayinye yokuthutha yesistimu yokuthutha ibhande ngokuvamile kuba okuphansi kakhulu kuzo zonke izimoto zempahla eyinqwaba noma okokusebenza, futhi ukunakekelwa kulula futhi kuyashesha.
⑥ Izinga eliphakeme lokuzenzakalelayo. Inqubo yokudlulisa ibhande ilula, ukugxilwa kwemishini yamandla, ukulawula okuphezulu, kulula ukufeza i-automation.
⑦ Inezici zezinga eliphansi lethonya lesimo sezulu kanye nempilo ende.
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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-16-2023
