Guhumeka kwanjye
Munsi yubutaka, kuberaubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciroimikorere na okiside minerval nizindi mpamvu, imiterere yumwuka izahinduka, cyane cyane igaragazwa nkigabanuka rya ogisijeni, kwiyongera kwimyuka yubumara kandi yangiza, kuvanga ivumbi ryubutaka, ubushyuhe, ubushuhe, ihinduka ryumuvuduko, nibindi. Izi mpinduka zitera ingaruka ningaruka kubuzima n'umutekano w'abakozi. Kugirango habeho ubuzima bwabakozi nuburyo bukwiye bwakazi, kandi habeho umusaruro utekanye kandi uhoraho, birakenewe kohereza umwuka mwiza uva mubutaka mukuzimu, no gusohora umwuka wanduye uva mubutaka ukajya mubutaka, niyo ntego. yo guhumeka kwanjye.
1 Sisitemu yo guhumeka
Kugirango wohereze umwuka mwiza uhagije mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro mu cyerekezo runaka n'inzira runaka, kandi icyarimwe cyo gusohora umwuka wanduye uva mu kirombe mu cyerekezo runaka no mu nzira, ni ngombwa gusaba ko ikirombe kigira ishingiro. sisitemu yo guhumeka.
1) Ukurikije ibyiciro bihuriweho cyangwa mukarere ka mine yose
Ikirombe kigizwe na sisitemu yo guhumeka yiswe guhumeka neza. Ikirombe kigabanyijemo sisitemu nyinshi zigenga zihumeka, kandi buri sisitemu igira umwuka wacyo, umuyaga uva hamwe nimbaraga zo guhumeka. Nubwo hariho isano hagati yumuhanda ninzira nyabagendwa, umuvuduko wumuyaga ntubangamira kandi ntiwigenga, ibyo bita guhumeka.
Guhumeka bihuriweho bifite ibyiza byo guhumeka neza, ibikoresho bidahumeka neza hamwe nubuyobozi bworoshye. Ku birombe bifite ubucukuzi buciriritse n'ubuso buke busohoka, cyane cyane ibirombe byimbitse, birakwiriye ko hajyaho umwuka uhuriweho na kirombe cyose.
Guhumeka muri zone bifite ibyiza byumuhanda muto wo mu kirere, ingufu za Yin ntoya, kutagabanuka kwikirere, gukoresha ingufu nke, umuyoboro woroshye, byoroshye kugenzura ikirere, byoroshye kugabanya urukurikirane rw’ikirere no gukwirakwiza ikirere, kandi birashobora kwakira ingaruka nziza zo guhumeka. . Kubwibyo, guhumeka ibice bikoreshwa cyane mubirombe bimwe na bimwe bifite ubutayu butatanye kandi butatanye bwamabuye y'agaciro cyangwa ibirombe bifite imibiri idakomeye hamwe nandi mariba menshi hejuru.
Guhumeka muri zone birashobora kugabanywa ukurikije umubiri wamabuye,ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciroakarere na etape urwego.
2) Gutondekanya ukurikije gahunda yumuyaga winjira hamwe nu mwuka uhumeka
Buri sisitemu yo guhumeka igomba kuba ifite nibura ikirere cyizewe neza kandi neza neza. Mubisanzwe guterura akazu neza bikoreshwa nk'ikirere, ibirombe bimwe na bimwe bikoresha umuyaga wihariye. Kuberako umwuka uhumeka urimo umubare munini wa gaze yuburozi n ivumbi, Iriba risohoka muri rusange ririhariye.
Ukurikije umwanya ugereranije nu mwuka winjira winjira hamwe numwuka uhumeka neza, urashobora kugabanwa muburyo butatu: hagati, diagonal na hagati ya diagonal ivanze.
Style Hagati
Iriba ryinjira mu kirere hamwe n'iriba risohoka biherereye hagati mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, kandi inzira itembera y'umuyaga utembera mu nsi irahindukira, nk'uko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 3-7.
sisitemu yo guhumeka hagati
Imiterere yo hagati ifite ibyiza byigiciro gito cyibikorwa remezo, umusaruro wihuse, kubaka ubutaka hagati, imiyoborere yoroshye, imirimo yimbitse ya shaft, byoroshye kugera ku kurwanya umuyaga. Imiterere yo hagati ikoreshwa cyane mubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro.
Diagonal
Mu mwuka wo mu kirere mu ibaba ry'umubiri w'amabuye y'agaciro, uruzitiro ruva mu rundi ruhande rw'umubiri w'amabuye y'agaciro, rwitwa ikibaba kimwe cya diagonal, nk'uko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 3-8 mu kirere cyo mu kirere hagati y'umubiri w'amabuye y'agaciro, umuyaga ugaruka mu amababa abiri, yitwa amababa abiri diagonal, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 3-9 mugihe umubiri wamabuye ari maremare cyane, mukirere cyumuyaga hamwe nu mwuka usohora ukurikije intera intera cyangwa uburebure bwumubiri wamabuye, mukirere cyumwuka, uruzitiro rwinshi ruzengurutse ubutare imiterere yumubiri, yitwa intera intera ya diagonal. Mu mwuka wa diagonal, inzira itembera yimyuka iva mu kirombe irasa.
Ikibaba kimwe cya diagonal ihumeka
Gahunda ya Diagonal ifite ibyiza byumurongo mugufi, gutakaza umuvuduko wumwuka muke, kugabanuka kwumwuka muke, umuvuduko mwinshi wumwuka mugihe cyo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro, gukwirakwiza ikirere kimwe, hamwe nintera iri kure yubuso bwinganda. Imiterere ya Diagonal ikoreshwa mubucukuzi bw'ibyuma.
Type Ubwoko bwo kuvanga diagonal hagati
Iyo umubiri wamabuye maremare hamwe nubucukuzi bwamabuye yagutse, iterambere ryibanze, rirashobora gutunganywa hagati yumubiri wamabuye y'agaciro, kugirango bikemure umwuka wo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro yo hagati mu bucukuzi bwuzuye mumababa abiri yikirombe, gukemura umwuka wo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro ya kure, umubiri wose wamabuye afite hagati na diagonal, bikora diagonal hagati ivanze.
Nubwo uburyo bwo gutondekanya ikirere cyinjira neza hamwe nu mwuka mwinshi birashobora kuvugwa muri make nkubwoko bwavuzwe haruguru, bitewe nuburyo bugoye bwibintu byumubiri wamabuye yubutaka hamwe nuburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha no gucukura amabuye y'agaciro, mugushushanya no gukora umusaruro, gahunda igomba gukorwa ukurikije imiterere yihariye ya buri kirombe, nta mbibi zubwoko bwavuzwe haruguru.
3) Gutondekanya ukurikije uburyo bwakazi bwabafana
Uburyo bukora bwabafana burimo ubwoko bwumuvuduko, ubwoko bwo gukuramo nubwoko buvanze.
① Umuvuduko
Umuvuduko ukabije woguhumeka nugukora sisitemu yose yo guhumeka kugirango habeho imiterere yumuvuduko mwiza hejuru yumuvuduko wikirere waho bitewe nigikorwa cyumuyaga nyamukuru. Bitewe nubushyuhe bwimyuka ihumeka, umuvuduko ukabije wikigereranyo cyinjira mu kirere urashobora gutuma umwuka mwiza uhumeka woherezwa munsi yubutaka unyuze mu nzira yagenewe guhumeka, kugirango wirinde kwanduzwa n’ibindi bikorwa, kandi ubwiza bw’ikirere ni bwiza.
Ingaruka zo guhumeka umuyaga ni uko ibikoresho bigenzura ikirere nkinzugi zo mu kirere bigomba kuba biri mu gice cyinjira mu kirere. Kubera ubwikorezi kenshi nabanyamaguru, ntabwo byoroshye gucunga no kugenzura, kandi hepfo y iriba rifite umwuka mwinshi. Umuvuduko ukabije wa gradient ukorwa mumashanyarazi nyamukuru mugice cyimyuka, kandi umwuka wanduye ntushobora gusohoka vuba mumyuka neza ukurikije inzira yabigenewe, bigatuma umwuka wubutaka wubutaka udahungabana. Ongeraho kwivanga kwumuyaga karemano, ndetse numuyaga uhinduke, kwanduza ibintu bishya byumuyaga.
Ubwoko
Guhumeka bikurura ni ugukora sisitemu yose yo guhumeka ikorwa numufana nyamukuru kugirango habeho umuvuduko mubi munsi yumuvuduko wikirere waho. Bitewe nubushyuhe bwumwuka mwinshi hamwe nubunini bunini bwa gaze, umwuka uhumeka utera umuvuduko ukabije kuruhande rwumuyaga mwinshi, ibyo bigatuma umwuka wanduye wa buri buso bwakazi uhita wibanze kumiyoboro isohoka, kandi umwotsi wa sisitemu yo gusohora ntabwo byoroshye gukwirakwira muyindi mihanda, kandi umuvuduko wumwotsi wihuta. Iyi ninyungu nini yo guhumeka neza. Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho byo guhumeka no kugenzura byashyizwe mu muyoboro usohoka, ntibibuza gutwara abanyamaguru, gucunga neza, kugenzura byizewe.
Ingaruka zo guhumeka neza ni uko iyo sisitemu yo gusohora idafunze, byoroshye gutera ibintu bigufi byinjira mu kirere. Cyane cyane iyo uburyo bwo gusenyuka bwakoreshejwe mu bucukuzi, ahantu ho kugabanuka hamwe na goaf birahujwe, iki kintu kirakomeye. Byongeye kandi, umuvuduko wumuyaga wubuso bukora hamwe na sisitemu yose yinjira mu kirere ni muke, kandi umuhanda wo mu kirere winjira mu kirere uterwa n’umuvuduko w’umuyaga usanzwe, byoroshye guhinduka, bikaviramo guhungabana mu kirere. Sisitemu yo gukuramo ihumeka ituma guterura neza neza mu kirere cyinjira mu kirere, kandi ibirombe byo mu majyaruguru bigomba gutekereza ku guterura neza mu gihe cy'itumba.
Ibyinshi mu byuma n’ibindi birombe bidafite amakara mu Bushinwa bifata umwuka uhumeka.
3) Umuvuduko no kuvoma kuvanga
Umuvuduko ukabije wumuvuduko uhumeka uyoborwa numufana nyamukuru kuruhande rwinjira no kuruhande rwumuriro, kuburyo igice cyinjira nigice cyumuyaga munsi yumuvuduko ukabije wumuyaga numuvuduko ukabije, umuyaga utemba ukurikije inzira yagenwe, umwotsi wumwotsi ni byihuse, umwuka uva mu kirere uragabanuka, ntabwo byoroshye guhungabanywa n umuyaga usanzwe kandi bigatera umuyaga guhinduka. Ibyiza byuburyo bwombi bwo guhumeka hamwe nuburyo bwo guhumeka ni uburyo bwingenzi bwo kunoza ingaruka zo guhumeka.
Ingaruka z'umuvuduko no kuvoma umwuka uvanze ni uko hari ibikoresho byinshi byo guhumeka bisabwa, kandi umwuka uva mu gice cy'umuyaga ntushobora kugenzurwa. Umwuka uva mu nsi y’imbere y’iriba hamwe no gusenyuka kuruhande rwumuriro uracyahari, ariko ni nto cyane.
Mugihe uhisemo uburyo bwo guhumeka, niba ubuso bufite ahantu hasenyutse cyangwa ibindi bigoye gutandukanya imiyoboro nikintu gikomeye. Ku birombe birimo ibintu bya radiyoyoka cyangwa amabuye y'agaciro afite ibyago byo gutwikwa bidatinze, ubwoko bwo kuvoma igitutu cyangwa kuvanga igitutu ubwoko buvanze bigomba gukoreshwa, kandi hagomba gukoreshwa ubwoko bwimashini igenzura ibyiciro byinshi. Kubirombe bidafite ahantu ho gutura hejuru cyangwa ntahantu ho gutura ariko hashobora gukomeza umuyoboro mwinshi ushyira mukuzuza no gufunga, ubwoko bwo kuvoma cyangwa ubwoko bwakuweho ahanini nubwoko bwakuweho. Kubirombe bifite ahantu hanini ho kwibasirwa nubuso, hamwe na mines zidatandukanijwe byoroshye hagati yumuyoboro wa gazi na goaf, cyangwa ibirombe byafunguwe kuva mukirere kigana kumabuye yubutaka, igitutu nyamukuru no kuvoma ubwoko buvanze cyangwa byinshi -imashini yimashini igenzurwa ubwoko bugomba kwakirwa.
Ikibanza cyo kwinjizamo umuyaga nyamukuru muri rusange kiri hasi kandi gishobora no gushyirwaho munsi yubutaka. Ibyiza byo kwishyiriraho hasi nuko kwishyiriraho, kuvugurura, kubungabunga no gucunga byoroshye kandi ntibyoroshye kwangizwa nibiza byo munsi. Ikibi ni uko gufunga iriba, ibikoresho bisubira inyuma hamwe numuyoboro wumuyaga bifite amafaranga menshi yo kubaka hamwe no guhumeka ikirere kigufi; iyo ikirombe cyimbitse kandi isura ikora iri kure yumuyaga mukuru, amafaranga yo kuyubaka no kubaka ni menshi. Ibyiza byumuyaga nyamukuru washyizwe mubutaka ni uko igikoresho nyamukuru gihumeka gisohoka gake, umuyaga uri hafi yumuyaga, umwuka muke muke munzira urashobora gukoresha umwuka mwinshi cyangwa umunaniro icyarimwe, bishobora kugabanya umwuka. kurwanya no gufunga bike. Ikibi cyayo nuko kwishyiriraho, kugenzura, kuyobora bitoroha, byoroshye kwangizwa nibiza byo munsi.
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Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-31-2023
