Ubwikorezi bwo mu kuzimu
1) Gutondekanya ubwikorezi bwo munsi
Ubwikorezi bwo munsi y'ubutaka ni ihuriro rikomeye mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro no mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro yo mu kuzimu ndetse n'ubutare butari ubutare, kandi aho bukorera harimo ubwikorezi bwo guhagarara no gutwara umuhanda. Numuyoboro wo gutwara abantu uhoraho, guhanagura isura hamwe nububiko bwamabuye yubutaka, kuzuza ahacukurwa amabuye cyangwa ububiko bwubucukuzi bwubutaka hamwe nubutaka bwimyanda. Ubwikorezi bwahagaritse burimo ubwikorezi bwikurura ubwikorezi, ubwikorezi bwa rake yamashanyarazi, gutwara ibikoresho bidafite inzira (gutwara amasuka, imashini zipakurura cyangwa ibinyabiziga bicukura amabuye y'agaciro), gutwara imashini zicukura amabuye y'agaciro hamwe no gutwara ingufu ziturika, nibindi. umuhanda, ni ukuvuga ubwikorezi bwumuhanda hagati ya feri ihagarara, patio ihagarara cyangwa umuhanda uri munsi yigitonyanga neza ugana mububiko bwo munsi y'ubutaka (cyangwa ubwinjiriro bwa adit).
Itondekanya ryubwikorezi bwubutaka ukurikije uburyo bwo gutwara hamwe nibikoresho byo gutwara byerekanwe kumeza 3-4.
Gutondekanya ubwikorezi bwo munsi
Kugirango hamenyekane imikorere isanzwe kandi inoze yo gutwara abantu munsi yubutaka, ibikoresho nkenerwa byubwikorezi ni ngombwa.
2) Sisitemu yo gutwara abantu
Sisitemu yo gutwara abantu nuburyo bwo gutwara amabuye yubutaka muri rusange bigenwa mugutezimbere no gushushanya amabuye y'agaciro. Amahame yagenwe agomba gusuzuma uko ibintu byabitswe, uburyo bwiterambere, uburyo bwo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro, igipimo cy’amabuye y'agaciro, ubuzima bwa serivisi itanga umusaruro, iterambere ry’ibikoresho byo gutwara abantu n’urwego rw’imicungire y’ikigo. Igomba kuba iteye imbere kandi yizewe mu ikoranabuhanga, ishyize mu gaciro kandi ifite akamaro mu bukungu, umutekano mu mikorere, yoroshye mu micungire, ntoya mu gukoresha ingufu na bike mu ishoramari.
(1) Inzira ya gari ya moshi
Ubwikorezi bwa gari ya moshi muri rusange bivuga ubwikorezi bwa lokomoteri, aribwo buryo nyamukuru bwo gutwara ibimina byo munsi mu gihugu no hanze yacyo. Ubwikorezi bwa gari ya moshi bugizwe ahanini n’imodoka zicukura amabuye y'agaciro, ibikoresho byo gukurura n'imashini zifasha n'ibindi bikoresho, akenshi bigizwe na sisitemu nziza yo gutwara abantu hamwe n'amabuye y'agaciro, gupakira,umukandaracyangwa ibikoresho byo gutwara abantu bidafite inzira, mubikorwa byo kubyara birashobora gutwara amabuye, amabuye yimyanda, ibikoresho, ibikoresho nabakozi. Ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bitegura umusaruro no kumenya ubushobozi bw'ikirombe.
Ibyiza byo gutwara gari ya moshi ni ugukoresha cyane, ubushobozi bunini bwo gukora (bugenwa numubare wa lokomoteri), intera itwara imipaka itagira imipaka, ubukungu bwiza, gahunda ihindagurika, kandi irashobora gutwara amabuye atandukanye kumurongo wo gutandukana. Ikibi ni uko ubwikorezi buri gihe, umusaruro ukomoka ku rwego rwumurimo ukora ufite aho ugarukira (muri rusange 3 ‰ ~ 5 ‰), kandi biragoye kurinda umutekano wubwikorezi mugihe umurongo munini ari munini cyane.
Kwiruka munzira nuburyo nyamukuru bwo gutambuka kure. Ibipimo byerekana inzira bigabanijwemo ibipimo bisanzwe kandi bipima. Igipimo gisanzwe ni 1435mm, naho igipimo kigufi kigabanijwemo ubwoko 3: 600mm, 762mm na 900 mm. Ukurikije igipimo gitandukanye, lokomoteri irashobora kugabanywamo lokomoteri isanzwe hamwe na moteri ya gauge; ukurikije ingufu zitandukanye zikoreshwa, lokomoteri yubucukuzi irashobora kugabanywa mumashanyarazi, lisansi ya mazutu na moteri. Imashini zikoresha parike zaravanyweho ahanini, kandi moteri ya mazutu ikoreshwa gusa kubutaka. Umuyagankuba utwarwa ningufu zamashanyarazi, ukurikije imiterere yumuriro w'amashanyarazi, lokomoteri irashobora kugabanywa mumashanyarazi ya DC hamwe na moteri y'amashanyarazi ya AC, moteri ya DC niyo ikoreshwa cyane. Noneho, hari abakoresha benshi batangiye gukoresha imodoka ihinduranya moteri. Ukurikije uburyo butandukanye bwo gutanga amashanyarazi, lokomoteri ya DC igabanyijemo amashanyarazi yo mu bwoko bwa moteri na moteri ya batiri, kandi igice kinini cy’amabuye y’amabuye y’amakara mu Bushinwa ni moteri y’amashanyarazi.
Hamwe nimiterere yoroshye, igiciro gito, kubungabunga byoroshye, ubushobozi bunini bwo gutwara abantu, umuvuduko mwinshi, gukoresha amashanyarazi menshi, igiciro gito cyo gutwara, nicyo gikoreshwa cyane. Ikibi nuko ibikoresho byo gukosora no gukoresha insinga bidahinduka bihagije; ingano yumuhanda numutekano wabanyamaguru bigira ingaruka kumurabyo uri hagati ya pantografi n'umurongo ntibyemewe mukubaka bwa mbere amabuye y'agaciro ya gaze, ariko mugihe kirekire, igiciro cyose cya moteri kiri munsi cyane ugereranije na moteri ya batiri. Umuvuduko wa DC ni 250V na 550V.
Moteri yamashanyarazi ya batiri ni bateri yo gutanga amashanyarazi. Ubusanzwe Bateri yishyurwa muri garage ya moteri yo munsi. Nyuma ya bateri kuri moteri ikoreshwa murwego runaka, nibyiza gusimbuza bateri yashizwemo. Ibyiza byubwoko bwa moteri yamashanyarazi nuko nta kaga gashobora guterwa, bikwiranye no gukoresha ibirombe bya gaze bidafite umurongo ukenewe, gukoresha byoroshye, kubisohoka bito, uburyo bwo gutwara abantu mumihanda idasanzwe hamwe no gutwara umuhanda wa tunnel birakwiye cyane. Ikibi cyayo nuko ishoramari ryambere ryibikoresho byo kwishyuza rifite ingufu nke zamashanyarazi nigiciro kinini cyo gutwara. Mubisanzwe, moteri yinsinga ikoreshwa murwego rwo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro, kandi icyiciro cyiterambere kirashobora gukoresha ibinyabiziga bifite moteri kugirango batsinde imiterere yimbere. Mu nzira yo gusubira mu kirere hamwe na gaze iturika, ntigomba gukoreshwa, sulfure ndende hamwe n’ikirombe cy’umuriro gisanzwe, hagomba gukoreshwa moteri ya batiri idashobora guturika.
Usibye ubwoko bubiri bwavuzwe harugurumoteri y'amashanyarazi, hariho moteri ya duplex yingufu zamashanyarazi, cyane cyane zishobora kugabanywamo insinga - - ubwoko bwa bateri yumuriro wamashanyarazi na kabili yo mumashanyarazi. Hano hari charger yikora kuri bateri yamashanyarazi, ishobora kuzamura igipimo cyimikoreshereze no gukoresha flexible. Iyo ukorera munzira yo gutwara abantu, amashanyarazi, ariko intera yo gutwara amashanyarazi ntishobora kurenga uburebure bwumugozi.
Imodoka zo gutwika imbere ntizikeneye umurongo, ishoramari rito, ryoroshye. Nyamara, imiterere iragoye kandi gaze isohora umwanda ihumanya ikirere, birakenewe rero ko hashyirwaho icyuma gisukura gaze ku cyambu kandi kigashimangira umuhanda. Kugeza ubu, ibirombe bike mu Bushinwa bikoreshwa mu gice gihumeka neza cya adit hejuru hamwe no gutwara abantu ku butaka, kandi ibirombe byinshi bikoreshwa mu birombe by'amahanga.
Ibinyabiziga bicukura amabuye y'agaciro (amabuye y’imyanda), abantu n’ibinyabiziga, ibinyabiziga bifatika, ibinyabiziga biturika, amakamyo y’amazi, amakamyo y’umuriro n’ibinyabiziga by’isuku n’ibindi binyabiziga bidasanzwe.
(2) Ubwikorezi butagira inzira
Mu myaka ya za 1960, hamwe nogutezimbere ibikoresho bitagira inzira byubutaka, tekinoroji yubucukuzi bwamabuye yubutaka nayo yatejwe imbere byihuse.
Imodoka yo mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro ni imodoka yikorera yihariye yagenewe ikirombe. Nibinyabiziga nyamukuru bitwara abantu kugirango bamenye tekinoroji yubucukuzi butagira inzira, kandi ifite ibyiza byo kugenda, guhinduka, ingufu nyinshi nubukungu. Imodoka zo mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro zikoreshwa cyane mu bwoko bwose bw'amabuye y'agaciro afite imiterere ikwiye yo kuzamura ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, ibyo ntibishobora gusa kongera umusaruro w'abakozi n'umusaruro w'amabuye y'agaciro yo mu kuzimu, biteza imbere ubwiyongere bw'umusaruro, ariko kandi bigahindura inzira y'ubucukuzi, uburyo bwo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro. na tunnel na sisitemu yo gutwara ibimina nkibi. Cyane cyane hamwe niterambere ryogutangiza amabuye y'agaciro, ubucukuzi bwubwenge nubundi buryo bwa tekinoroji na sisitemu mumyaka yashize, ibirombe byubutaka bigenda byerekeza ku cyerekezo kitagira abaderevu cyubucukuzi butagira inzira.
AdvantagesIbyiza byingenzi byo gutwara ibinyabiziga byo munsi y'ubutaka ni byo
a. Ihindagurika ryoroshye, hamwe nurwego runini rwa porogaramu, hamwe nubushobozi bukomeye bwo gukora. Urutare rwacukuwe mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro rushobora kujyanwa mu buryo butaziguye kuri buri kibanza cyo gupakururwa hatarimo kwimurwa hagati, kandi abakozi, ibikoresho n'ibikoresho aho bapakurura na byo birashobora kugera mu buryo butaziguye ku kazi nta kwimura.
b. Mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, gukoresha ibinyabiziga byo mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro bishobora kuzigama mu buryo bukwiye ibikoresho, ibyuma n'abakozi.
c. Mbere yo kurangiza ibyuzuye byuzuye bya shaft, birashoboka gutera imbere no koroshya ubucukuzi bwamabuye y'agaciro no gutwara amabuye y'agaciro hamwe n'inkombe rimwe na rimwe.
d. Ukurikije intera itwara abantu neza, ubwikorezi bwo mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro no gutwara ibicuruzwa ni bike, bishobora kuzamura umusaruro w'abakozi.
DisIbibi byo gutwara ibinyabiziga byo mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro bikurikira:
a. Nubwo imodoka zicukura mu kuzimu zifite ibikoresho bisukura gaze, gaze ya gaze isohoka muri moteri ya mazutu ihumanya ikirere cyo munsi, kikaba kidashobora gukemurwa muri iki gihe. Ingamba nko gushimangira umwuka mubisanzwe zikoreshwa mukuzamura igiciro cyibikoresho byo guhumeka.
b. Bitewe nubwiza buke bwumuhanda wubutaka munsi yubutaka, gukoresha amapine ni menshi, kandi nigiciro cyibicuruzwa byiyongera.
c. Imirimo yo gufata neza ni nini, ikeneye abakozi babishoboye babishoboye hamwe namahugurwa yo kubungabunga neza.
d. Mu rwego rwo koroshya gutwara imodoka zicukura munsi yubutaka, ingano yumuhanda usabwa ni nini, byongera ikiguzi cyiterambere.
Ugereranije n’ibinyabiziga byipakurura hasi, ibinyabiziga byo mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro mu bisanzwe bifite imiterere ikurikira mu miterere:
a. Irashobora guteranya no guteranya, byoroshye binini neza.
b. Ukoresheje chassis isobanutse, kuyobora hydraulic, ubugari bwumubiri wimodoka buragufi, radiyo ihinduka ni nto.
c. Uburebure bwimodoka bwimodoka ni buke, mubisanzwe 2 ~ 3m, ikwiranye no gukorera mumwanya muto kandi muto munsi yubutaka, hamwe na centre ntoya ya rukuruzi, byongera ubushobozi bwo kuzamuka.
d. Umuvuduko wo gutwara ni muke, kandi imbaraga za moteri ni nto, bityo bigabanya imyuka ihumanya.
(3)Umuyoboroubwikorezi
Ubwikorezi bwo gutwara umukandara nuburyo bukomeza bwo gutwara, cyane cyane bukoreshwa mu gutwara amabuye y'agaciro, bushobora no gutwara ibikoresho n'abakozi. Ubu buryo bwo gutwara abantu bufite ubushobozi bunini bwo gukora, umutekano kandi wizewe, imikorere yoroshye hamwe nu rwego rwo hejuru rwo kwikora. Hamwe no gukoresha kaseti ikomeye, ubwikorezi bwo gutwara umukandara bufite ibiranga intera ndende, ingano nini n'umuvuduko mwinshi, byujuje ibisabwa byo gutwara neza ibikoresho byubucukuzi bugezweho.
Gukoresha ubwikorezi bwo gutwara umukandara mu bucukuzi bw'ubutaka bugarukira ku bwinshi bw'urutare, ubwinshi bw'imodoka, guhuza umuhanda, gutembera n'ibindi. Mubisanzwe, gusa urutare rujanjaguwe rwamabuye (munsi ya 350mm) rushobora gutwarwa, kandi rukwiriye gukoreshwa gusa nubunini bunini, umuhanda muto uhengamye, kandi nta murongo.
Ubwikorezi bwo gutwara imikandara yo munsi y'ubutaka bushobora kugabanywamo: ① guhagarika ubwikorezi bwo gutwara umukandara ukurikije aho bukoreshwa ndetse no kurangiza imirimo yo gutwara abantu, yakira kandi igatwara amabuye y'agaciro avuye mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro. cyangwa imiyoboro myinshi.
Umuyoboro wumukandara urashobora kugabanywa muburyo bwibanze kandi budasanzwe ukurikije imiterere shingiro, kandi ubwoko bwibanze bugabanijwe muburyo buringaniye. Kugeza ubu, uhagarariye umukandara udasanzwe ufite umukandara wimbitse wumukandara, umukandara wumukandara wumukandara, umukandara wumukandara, umukandara wumukandara, umukandara wumukandara wumuyaga, umukandara wumukandara, umuyoboro wumukandara nibindi.
Ubwikorezi bwo gutwara umukandara bumenya uburyo bwo gutwara ibintu. Ugereranije nibindi bikoresho byohereza, bifite ibimenyetso bikurikira:
Ubushobozi bwo gutanga. Ubushobozi ntarengwa bwo gutwara imikandara yo mu gihugu bwageze kuri 8400t / h, naho ubushobozi ntarengwa bwo gutwara umukandara w’amahanga bugera kuri 37500t / h.
Distance Intera ndende. Igihe cyose hari umukandara ukomeye uhagije, uhereye kubuhanga bwa tekiniki, umutambiko wa mukandara mu ntera yoherejwe ntugarukira. Uburebure bumwe bwa convoyeur yo murugo bwageze kuri 15.84km.
Guhindura imiterere y'ubutaka bukomeye. Umuyoboro wumukandara urashobora guhuza nubutaka buva kumurongo uciriritse wikibanza nindege itambitse, kugirango bigabanye imiyoboro hagati nka sitasiyo yimurwa no kugabanya ishoramari ryibikorwa remezo, kugirango birinde kwivanga mumihanda, gari ya moshi, imisozi, inzuzi. , inzuzi n'imijyi kuva mumwanya cyangwa indege.
Structure Imiterere yoroshye, itekanye kandi yizewe. Ubwizerwe bwumukandara wagenzuwe nibisabwa byinshi murwego rwinganda.
Gabanya ibiciro byo gukora. Isaha ningufu zikoreshwa kuri buri kintu cyo gutwara sisitemu yo gutwara umukandara mubisanzwe ni gito cyane mubinyabiziga byinshi cyangwa ibikoresho byinshi, kandi kubungabunga biroroshye kandi byihuse.
Degree Urwego rwo hejuru rwo kwikora. Gutanga umukandara wo gutanga inzira biroroshye, kwibanda kubikoresho byamashanyarazi, kugenzura cyane, byoroshye kugera kuri automatike.
⑦ Ifite ibiranga urugero rwo hasi rwimihindagurikire yikirere no kuramba.
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Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-16-2023
