Imihindagurikire y’ibihe ni imwe mu ngaruka zikomeye ku isi zugarije sosiyete yacu ya none. Imihindagurikire y’ibihe igira ingaruka zihoraho kandi zangiza ku byo dukoresha no ku musaruro, ariko mu turere dutandukanye ku isi, imihindagurikire y’ikirere iratandukanye cyane. Nubwo uruhare rw’amateka y’ibihugu bitaratera imbere mu bukungu mu byuka bihumanya ikirere ku isi ari bike, ibyo bihugu bimaze kwishyurwa amafaranga menshi y’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, bigaragara ko bidakwiye. Ibihe by’ikirere bikabije bigira ingaruka zikomeye, nk’amapfa akomeye, ikirere cy’ubushyuhe bukabije, imyuzure ikabije, impunzi nyinshi, ibangamira umutekano w’ibiribwa ku isi ndetse n’ingaruka zidasubirwaho ku butaka n’amazi. Ibihe bidasanzwe nka El Nino bizakomeza kubaho kandi birusheho gukomera.
Mu buryo nk'ubwo, kubera imihindagurikire y’ikirere ,.inganda zicukura amabuye y'agacironayo ihura nimpamvu zikomeye zishobora kubaho. Kubera koubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agacirohamwe n’umusaruro w’imishinga myinshi iteza imbere ibirombe byugarijwe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, kandi bizarushaho kwibasirwa n’ingaruka zikomeje ziterwa n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Kurugero, ikirere gikabije kirashobora kugira ingaruka kumyubakire y’ingomero z’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y'agaciro kandi bikongerera impanuka impanuka z’urugomero.
Byongeye kandi, kuba ibintu by’ikirere bikabije ndetse n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe nabyo biganisha ku kibazo gikomeye cyo gutanga amazi ku isi. Gutanga umutungo w'amazi ntabwo ari uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo gutanga umusaruro mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, ahubwo ni n'umutungo w'ingirakamaro ku baturage baho mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro. Bigereranijwe ko igice kinini cy’ibice bikungahaye ku muringa, zahabu, ibyuma, na zinc (30-50%) bidafite amazi, kandi kimwe cya gatatu cy’ubucukuzi bwa zahabu n’umuringa ku isi byashoboraga no kubona ingaruka z’amazi mu gihe gito. 2030, ukurikije S & P Global Assessment. Ibyago by'amazi birakaze cyane muri Mexico. Muri Mexico, aho imishinga y'ubucukuzi irushanwa n’abaturage bo mu karere k’amazi y’amazi kandi amafaranga yo gukoresha mu birombe akaba menshi, amakimbirane menshi y’imibanire rusange ashobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku bikorwa by’ubucukuzi.
Kugirango duhangane n’impamvu zitandukanye zishobora guteza ingaruka, inganda zicukura amabuye y'agaciro zikeneye icyitegererezo kirambye cyo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro. Iyi ntabwo ari ingamba zo kwirinda ingaruka gusa zifasha inganda zicukura amabuye y'agaciro n'abashoramari, ahubwo ni imyitwarire ishinzwe imibereho. Ibi bivuze ko inganda zicukura amabuye y'agaciro zigomba kongera ishoramari mu bisubizo by’ikoranabuhanga birambye, nko kugabanya ingaruka ziterwa no gutanga amazi, no kongera ishoramari mu kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Uwitekainganda zicukura amabuye y'agacirobiteganijwe ko izongera ishoramari ryayo mubisubizo bya tekiniki kugirango igabanye ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, cyane cyane mubijyanye n’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, imirasire yizuba hamwe na sisitemu yo kubika ingufu za batiri.
Inganda zikora ubucukuzi zifite uruhare runini mu gutanga ibikoresho bikenewe mu guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Mubyukuri, isi iri munzira yo kwimukira mumuryango muto wa karubone mugihe kizaza, bisaba ubutunzi bwinshi. Kugirango tugere ku ntego zo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere byashyizweho n’amasezerano y'i Paris, ubushobozi bw’umusaruro ku isi w’ikoranabuhanga rike ryangiza ikirere nka turbine y’umuyaga, ibikoresho bitanga amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y’izuba, ibikoresho bibika ingufu n’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, bizanozwa ku buryo bugaragara. Dukurikije ibigereranyo bya Banki y'Isi, umusaruro w’ikoranabuhanga rya karubone ku isi uzakenera toni zirenga miliyari 3 z’umutungo w’amabuye n’umutungo w’icyuma mu 2020. Icyakora, amwe mu mabuye y'agaciro azwi ku izina rya “umutungo w'ingenzi”, nka grafite, lithium na cobalt, birashobora no kongera umusaruro ku isi inshuro zigera kuri eshanu muri 2050, kugira ngo bikemuke bikenewe mu ikoranabuhanga ry’ingufu zisukuye. Iyi ni inkuru nziza ku bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, kubera ko niba ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro bushobora gukoresha icyarimwe uburyo bwo gukora ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro burambye icyarimwe, noneho inganda zizagira uruhare rukomeye mu kugera ku ntego y'iterambere ry'ejo hazaza h’isi yo kurengera ibidukikije.
Ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere byatanze umusaruro mwinshi w'amabuye y'agaciro akenewe mu guhindura isi munsi ya karubone. Mu mateka, ibihugu byinshi bitanga amabuye y'agaciro byugarijwe n'umuvumo w'umutungo, kubera ko ibyo bihugu bishingiye cyane ku burenganzira bw'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, imisoro y'amabuye y'agaciro ndetse no kohereza mu mahanga ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga, bityo bikagira ingaruka ku nzira y'iterambere ry'igihugu. Ejo hazaza heza kandi harambye hasabwa umuryango wabantu ukeneye guca umuvumo wamabuye y'agaciro. Gusa muri ubwo buryo, ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere birashobora kwitegura neza guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ku isi.
Ikarita yinzira yo kugera kuriyi ntego ni iy'ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere bifite ubutunzi buke bw’amabuye y'agaciro kugira ngo byihutishe ingamba zijyanye no kuzamura ubushobozi bw’akarere ndetse n’akarere. Ibi ni ngombwa muburyo bwinshi. Icya mbere, iterambere ry’inganda ritanga ubutunzi bityo ritanga inkunga ihagije y’amafaranga yo guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere. Icya kabiri, kugirango birinde ingaruka z’impinduramatwara y’ingufu ku isi, isi ntizakemura ikibazo cy’imihindagurikire y’ikirere mu gusimbuza imwe mu ikoranabuhanga ry’ingufu n’indi. Kugeza ubu, urwego rutanga isoko ku isi rukomeje kuba imyuka ihumanya ikirere, bitewe n’ikoreshwa ryinshi ry’ingufu za peteroli n’urwego mpuzamahanga rutwara abantu. Kubera iyo mpamvu, kwifashisha ikoranabuhanga ry’ingufu zikomoka ku bimera byakuwe kandi bikozwe n’inganda zicukura amabuye y'agaciro bizafasha kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere byangiza ingufu z’icyatsi hafi y’ikirombe. Icya gatatu, ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere bizashobora gukemura ibibazo byingufu zicyatsi gusa mugihe ibiciro byumusaruro wingufu zicyatsi bigabanutse kugirango abantu bashobore gukoresha tekinoroji yicyatsi kubiciro bidahenze. Ku bihugu n’uturere aho ibiciro by’umusaruro biri hasi, gahunda y’umusaruro w’ibanze hamwe n’ikoranabuhanga ry’ingufu zishobora kuba amahitamo akwiye kubitekerezaho.
Nkuko byashimangiwe muri iyi ngingo, mu nzego nyinshi, inganda z’amabuye y’amabuye n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere bifitanye isano rya bugufi. Inganda zikora ubucukuzi zifite uruhare runini. Niba dushaka kwirinda ibibi, tugomba gukora vuba bishoboka. Nubwo inyungu, amahirwe n’ibyingenzi by’amashyaka yose bidashimishije, rimwe na rimwe ndetse bikaba bitameze neza rwose, abafata ibyemezo bya leta n’abayobozi b’ubucuruzi nta kundi babigenza uretse guhuza ibikorwa no kugerageza gushakira igisubizo kiboneye amashyaka yose. Ariko kuri ubu, umuvuduko witerambere uratinda cyane, kandi ntitubuze icyemezo gihamye cyo kugera kuriyi ntego. Kugeza ubu, ingamba zo gutegura gahunda nyinshi zo guhangana n’ikirere ziyobowe na guverinoma z’igihugu kandi zabaye igikoresho cya politiki. Mu rwego rwo kugera ku ntego zo guhangana n’ikirere, hari itandukaniro rigaragara mu nyungu n’ibikenewe by’ibihugu bitandukanye. Nyamara, uburyo bwo guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, cyane cyane amategeko agenga imicungire y’ubucuruzi n’ishoramari, bisa nkaho binyuranye cyane n’intego zo guhangana n’ikirere.
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Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-16-2023
