2 Jirgin karkashin kasa
1) Rarraba sufuri na karkashin kasa
Harkokin sufurin karkashin kasa wata muhimmiyar hanya ce ta hakar ma'adinai da samar da tama a karkashin kasa da kuma takin da ba na karfe ba, kuma aikin sa ya hada da sufurin tasha da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa. Ita ce hanyar sufuri na ci gaba da tasha, fuska mai ratsa jiki da ma'adinan karkashin kasa, wurin da ake hakar ma'adinai ko rumbun ajiyar ma'adinai da filin dutsen sharar gida. Tashar sufurin ya haɗa da jigilar kai mai nauyi, jigilar rake na lantarki, jigilar kayan aikin da ba a bin diddigi (irin safarar shebur, na'urar lodi ko motocin hakar ma'adinai), jigilar ma'adinan vibration da jigilar abubuwan fashewa, da dai sauransu. layi, wato, jigilar hanyar tsakanin mazurari tasha, tasha ko titin da ke ƙasa da zamewar da kyau zuwa kwandon ajiyar ƙasa (ko ƙofar adit).
Ana nuna rarrabuwa na sufuri na karkashin kasa bisa ga yanayin sufuri da kayan aikin sufuri a cikin Tebur 3-4.
Rarraba sufuri na karkashin kasa
Domin tabbatar da aiki na yau da kullun da inganci na sufuri na karkashin kasa, kayan aikin agajin da ake buƙata na sufuri yana da mahimmanci.
2) Tsarin sufuri na karkashin kasa
Tsarin sufuri da yanayin sufuri na ma'adanan ƙarƙashin ƙasa an ƙaddara gabaɗaya a cikin haɓakawa da ƙirar ma'adinan tama. Ka'idodin da aka ƙaddara ya kamata suyi la'akari da yanayin abubuwan da suka faru na ajiya, tsarin ci gaba, hanyar hakar ma'adinai, ma'adinai na ma'adinai, rayuwar sabis na samarwa, matsayin ci gaba na kayan sufuri da kuma matakin gudanarwa na kamfani. Ya kamata ya zama ci gaba kuma abin dogaro a cikin fasaha, mai ma'ana da fa'ida a cikin tattalin arziki, amintaccen aiki, dacewa cikin gudanarwa, ƙarami cikin amfani da makamashi kuma ƙasa da saka hannun jari.
(1) Titin jirgin kasa
Harkokin sufurin jiragen kasa gabaɗaya yana nufin sufurin motoci, wanda shine babban hanyar jigilar ma'adinan karkashin kasa a gida da waje. Harkokin sufurin jirgin ƙasa ya ƙunshi motocin hakar ma'adinai, kayan aikin jan hankali da injunan taimako da sauran kayan aiki, galibi sun ƙunshi ingantaccen tsarin sufuri tare da taman rake, lodi,mai ɗaukar belko kayan sufuri marasa bin hanya, a cikin tsarin samarwa na iya jigilar tama, sharar gida, kayan aiki, kayan aiki da ma'aikata. Yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke tsara abubuwan da ake samarwa da kuma ƙayyade ƙarfin samar da ma'adinan.
Fa'idodin sufurin dogo suna amfani da fa'ida, babban ƙarfin samarwa (wanda aka ƙayyade ta adadin locomotives), nisan jigilar kayayyaki mara iyaka, kyakkyawan tattalin arziki, daidaita jadawalin, kuma yana iya jigilar ma'adanai iri-iri tare da layin bifurcation. Rashin hasara shi ne cewa sufuri yana da tsaka-tsaki, ingantaccen samarwa ya dogara da matakin ƙungiyar aiki yana da iyakancewa (gaba ɗaya 3 ‰ ~ 5 ‰), kuma yana da wuya a tabbatar da amincin sufuri lokacin da gangaren layin ya yi yawa.
Gudun kan hanya shine babban yanayin sufuri mai nisa a kwance. An raba ma'aunin waƙa zuwa ma'auni na ma'auni da kunkuntar ma'auni. Daidaitaccen ma'auni shine 1435mm, kuma kunkuntar ma'aunin ya kasu kashi 3: 600mm, 762mm da 900mm. Bisa ga ma'auni daban-daban, za a iya raba locomotive zuwa ma'auni na ma'auni na ma'auni da kunkuntar ma'auni; bisa ga ikon daban-daban da ake amfani da su, ma'adinan ma'adinai za a iya raba su zuwa na'urorin lantarki, na'urorin diesel da kuma tururi. An kawar da locomotives na tururi, kuma ana amfani da locomotives na diesel gabaɗaya don saman. Motar lantarki tana aiki ne da makamashin lantarki, bisa ga yanayin samar da wutar lantarki, za a iya raba motocin lantarki zuwa na'ura mai ba da wutar lantarki na DC da kuma na'urar lantarki ta AC, na'urar lantarki ta DC ita ce aka fi amfani da ita. Yanzu, akwai mutane da yawa masu amfani da suka fara amfani da mitar hira mota mota. Dangane da yanayin samar da wutar lantarki daban-daban, motocin lantarki na DC sun kasu zuwa nau'in na'urorin lantarki na lantarki da na'urorin lantarki na baturi, kuma mafi yawan ma'adinan da ba na kwal a karkashin kasa ba a kasar Sin, na'urorin lantarki ne na waya.
Tare da tsari mai sauƙi, ƙananan farashi, kulawa mai dacewa, babban ƙarfin sufuri na locomotive, babban gudun, ƙarfin wutar lantarki, ƙananan farashin sufuri, shine mafi yawan amfani da shi. Rashin lahani shi ne cewa gyaran gyare-gyare da kayan aikin waya ba su da sauƙi; girman titin da amincin masu tafiya a ƙasa yana shafar walƙiya tsakanin pantograph kuma ba a ba da izinin layin a farkon ginin ma'adinan iskar gas ba, amma a cikin dogon lokaci, jimillar kuɗin motar ya fi ƙasa da na baturi. Ƙarfin wutar lantarki na DC shine 250V da 550V.
Motar lantarki batir baturi ne don samar da wutar lantarki. Gabaɗaya ana cajin baturi a garejin mota na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Bayan an yi amfani da baturin da ke kan motar zuwa wani ɗan lokaci, yana da kyau a maye gurbin baturin da aka caje. Amfanin irin wannan motar lantarki shine cewa babu wani haɗari mai haɗari, wanda ya dace da amfani da ma'adinan iskar gas ba tare da layin da ya dace ba, amfani mai sassauƙa, don ƙananan kayan aiki, tsarin sufuri na hanya marar ka'ida da sufurin ramin titin ya dace sosai. Rashin hasara shi ne cewa zuba jari na farko na kayan caji yana da ƙarancin wutar lantarki da tsadar sufuri. Gabaɗaya, ana amfani da injin waya a matakin ma'adinai, kuma matakin haɓakawa na iya amfani da motar baturi don shawo kan yanayin waje. A cikin hanyar dawowa tare da iskar gas, bai kamata a yi amfani da shi ba, babban sulfur da nawa na haɗari na gobara, ya kamata a yi amfani da motar baturi mai hana fashewa.
Baya ga wadannan nau'ikan guda biyu na samainjinan lantarki, akwai na'urori masu amfani da wutar lantarki mai duplex, galibi ana iya raba su zuwa waya -- nau'in baturi na lantarki da na'urorin lantarki irin na USB. Akwai caja ta atomatik akan locomotive na baturi, wanda zai iya inganta ƙimar amfani da kuma amfani da sassauci. Lokacin aiki a cikin layin sufuri, wutar lantarki ta kebul, amma nisan sufuri na wutar lantarki na USB bazai wuce tsawon na USB ba.
Locomotives na konewa na ciki ba sa buƙatar layi, ƙananan saka hannun jari, mai sassauƙa sosai. Duk da haka, tsarin yana da rikitarwa kuma iskar gas yana lalata iska, don haka ya zama dole a shigar da na'urar tsabtace iskar gas a tashar shaye-shaye da kuma karfafa iskar gas ta hanyar. A halin yanzu, an yi amfani da ma'adinan kaɗan a China a cikin sashin haɗin gwiwa na adit mai cike da iska mai kyau da kuma jigilar ƙasa, kuma ana amfani da ƙarin nakiyoyin a cikin ma'adinan waje.
Motocin hakar ma'adinai suna jigilar tama (dutse), motocin mutane da ababen hawa, ababen hawa, ababen fashewa, motocin ruwa, motocin kashe gobara da motocin tsafta da sauran motoci na musamman.
(2) sufuri mara bin hanya
A cikin shekarun 1960, tare da haɓaka na'urorin da ba su da waƙa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, fasahar hakar ma'adinai ta ƙasa kuma an haɓaka cikin sauri.
Motar hakar ma'adinan karkashin kasa mota ce mai sarrafa kanta da aka kera ta musamman don ma'adinan karkashin kasa. Ita ce babbar motar sufuri don gane fasahar hakar ma'adinai mara bin diddigi, kuma tana da fa'idodin motsi, sassauci, makamashi da yawa da tattalin arziki. Ana amfani da motocin hakar ma'adinan karkashin kasa sosai a cikin kowane nau'in ma'adinai na karkashin kasa tare da yanayin da ya dace don haɓaka ma'adinai, wanda ba zai iya haɓaka yawan aiki da fitarwa na ma'adinan karkashin ƙasa ba, haɓaka ci gaba da haɓaka sikelin samarwa, amma kuma canza tsarin ma'adinai, hanyar hakar ma'adinai. da tsarin ramuka da sufuri na irin wadannan ma'adanai. Musamman tare da haɓaka injina ta atomatik, haƙar ma'adinai na hankali da sauran fasahohi da tsarin a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ma'adanai na ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna motsawa zuwa hanyar da ba ta dace ba na hakar ma'adinai.
①Babban fa'idar sufurin ma'adinai ta karkashin kasa shine
a. Motsi mai sassauƙa, tare da aikace-aikacen da yawa, da babban ƙarfin samarwa. Ana iya jigilar dutsen ma'adinai na fuskar ma'adinan kai tsaye zuwa kowane wurin da ake saukewa ba tare da canja wurin tsakiyar hanya ba, kuma ma'aikata, kayan aiki da kayan aikin da ke wurin za su iya isa ga fuskar aiki kai tsaye ba tare da canja wurin ba.
b. Ƙarƙashin wasu sharuɗɗa, amfani da sufurin motocin hakar ma'adinai na ƙasa zai iya adana kayan aiki yadda ya kamata, ƙarfe da ma'aikata.
c. Kafin kammala cikakken saitin kayan aiki na shaft, yana yiwuwa a ci gaba da sauƙaƙe aikin hakar ma'adinai da sufuri na gawawwakin ma'adinai da gefuna.
d. A ƙarƙashin yanayin nisa mai nisa na sufuri, zirga-zirgar ababen hawan ma'adinai na ƙasa da hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki sun ragu, wanda zai iya haɓaka yawan aiki.
②Isarancin sufurin motoci masu hakar ma'adinai a karkashin kasa sune kamar haka:
a. Duk da cewa motocin da ke hakar ma'adinan karkashin kasa suna da na'urar tsarkake iskar gas, iskar gas da ake fitarwa daga injin dizal na gurbata iskar karkashin kasa, wanda har yanzu ba a iya warwarewa gaba daya. Ana amfani da matakan kamar ƙarfafa samun iska don ƙara farashin kayan aikin iska.
b. Sakamakon rashin ingancin saman titin ma'adinan karkashin kasa, tayoyin da ake amfani da su na da yawa, kuma farashin kayayyakin kayayyakin yana karuwa.
c. Aikin kulawa yana da girma, yana buƙatar ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kulawa da ingantattun bitar kulawa.
d. Don sauƙaƙe tuki na motoci masu hakar ma'adinai na karkashin kasa, girman sashin titin da ake buƙata yana da girma, wanda ke haɓaka farashin haɓaka.
③ Idan aka kwatanta da motocin da ke sauke kansu, motocin hakar ma'adinai na karkashin kasa yawanci suna da halaye masu zuwa a cikin tsari:
a. Zai iya haɗawa da haɗawa, dace da babban rijiyar.
b. Yin amfani da ƙaƙƙarfan chassis, tuƙi na ruwa, faɗin jikin motar yana kunkuntar, radius mai juyayi kaɗan ne.
c. Tsawon jikin mota yana da ƙasa, gabaɗaya 2 ~ 3m, wanda ya dace da yin aiki a cikin kunkuntar da ƙananan sararin samaniya, tare da ƙananan tsakiya na nauyi, wanda ya kara yawan hawan hawan.
d. Gudun tuƙi ba shi da ƙarfi, kuma ƙarfin injinsa kaɗan ne, don haka rage fitar da hayaki.
(3)Mai ɗaukar beltsufuri
Sufurin jigilar belt ci gaba ne na sufuri, galibi ana amfani da shi don jigilar dutsen ma'adinai, kuma yana iya jigilar kayayyaki da ma'aikata. Wannan yanayin sufuri yana da babban ƙarfin samarwa, aminci da abin dogaro, aiki mai sauƙi da babban matakin sarrafa kansa. Tare da yin amfani da tef mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, jigilar jigilar bel ɗin yana da halaye na nesa mai nisa, babban girma da saurin gudu, wanda ya dace da buƙatun ingantaccen sufuri na kayan aikin ma'adinai na zamani.
Amfani da jigilar bel ɗin a cikin ma'adinan ƙasa yana iyakance ta yawan dutsen, yawan zirga-zirga, karkata hanyar hanya, lankwasa da sauransu. Gabaɗaya, kawai dutsen da aka murƙushe tama (kasa da 350mm) za'a iya jigilar su, kuma ya dace kawai don amfani tare da babban ƙara, ƙaramar hanya, kuma babu masu lankwasa.
Za a iya raba jigilar jigilar bel ɗin karkashin ƙasa zuwa: ① jigilar bel ɗin stope bisa ga wurin amfani da shi da kuma kammala ayyukan sufuri, wanda kai tsaye ke karɓa da jigilar duwatsun ma'adinai daga fuskar aikin haƙar ma'adinai. ko fiye da masu ɗaukar bel.
Ana iya raba jigilar belt zuwa nau'i na asali da na musamman bisa ga tsarin asali, kuma nau'in asali ya kasu kashi zuwa siffar lebur da tsagi. A halin yanzu, wakilin bel na musamman yana da mai ɗaukar bel mai zurfi, mai ɗaukar bel ɗin bel, na'ura mai ɗaukar hoto, bel ɗin tubular, jigilar bel na iska, mai ɗaukar bel ɗin matsa lamba, mai ɗaukar bel na lankwasa da sauransu.
Jirgin jigilar belt yana fahimtar ci gaban tsarin jigilar kayayyaki. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran kayan aikin jigilar kayayyaki, yana da halaye masu zuwa:
① iya isarwa. Matsakaicin ƙarfin jigilar bel na gida ya kai 8400t / h, kuma matsakaicin ƙarfin jigilar bel na waje ya kai 37500t / h.
②Tsarin isarwa mai tsayi. Muddin akwai isasshen bel mai ƙarfi, daga mahangar fasaha, mai ɗaukar bel ɗin a cikin nisan watsawa bai iyakance ba. Tsawon tsayin bel na gida ya kai kilomita 15.84.
③Karfin daidaita yanayin ƙasa. Mai ɗaukar bel ɗin zai iya daidaitawa da ƙasa daga matsakaicin lanƙwasa sararin samaniya da jirgin sama a kwance, don rage matsakaicin hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa kamar tashar canja wuri da rage saka hannun jari, don guje wa tsangwama tare da hanyoyi, layin dogo, tsaunuka, koguna. , koguna da birane daga sararin sama ko jirgin sama.
④ Tsarin tsari mai sauƙi, mai aminci da abin dogara. An tabbatar da amincin jigilar bel ta aikace-aikace da yawa a fagen masana'antu.
⑤Rashin farashin aiki. Lokacin sa'a da amfani da makamashi kowane ɗayan jigilar tsarin jigilar bel yawanci shine mafi ƙanƙanta tsakanin duk manyan motoci ko kayan aiki, kuma kulawa yana da sauƙi da sauri.
⑥ Babban digiri na atomatik. Tsarin isar da belt yana da sauƙi, ƙaddamar da kayan aikin wutar lantarki, babban iko, mai sauƙin cimma aiki da kai.
⑦ Yana da halaye na ƙananan tasirin tasirin yanayi da tsawon rayuwa.
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Lokacin aikawa: Maris 16-2023
